Electric power utilities traditionally use electromechanical and solid-state relays for protecting distribution and sub-transmission systems. Relays by functions. Both are different and used for different purpose. However additional electromechanical relay units may be used in output stage as auxiliary relays. Now let’s have a look on which different protective relays are used in different power system equipment protection schemes. These types of relays are used to protect equipment like motors, generators, and transformers, and so on. Most relays use an interesting gadget, whose electrical current that flows through the circuit is deviated to feed back the control circuit, which is opened and kept until another external action interrupts the current. Measuring transducers are instruments used for conversion of electrical quantities in single and three phase electrical systems. The output of Current Transformers or Potential Transformers or transducers is rectified in the rectifier. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. for separation of direct current and alternating current circuits, iv.linking information. Request PDF | Modeling and simulation of computational techniques used in numerical protective relays | Protective relays are designed to respond for faults on specific power system apparatus. The high power piezoelectric transducers used in this process operates predominantly at frequencies around 20 kHz and output power up to 1kW. ANSWER: D. All of these . Numerical models used in transducer design Montgomery, Robert E. Abstract. The various protective functions available on a given relay are denoted by standard ANSI device numbers. A numerical test case using a multilayered 1-MHz transducer for flow meter applications was considered and good agreement with experiments was obtained in terms of voltage signals. Classification is based on the mechanical capacity activated by the speed of gas or liquid outflow, pressure. Publication: Acoustical Society of America Journal. All the relays consist of one or more elements which get energized and actuated by the electrical quantities of the circuit. Relay is an output device. As per the conventional scheme, these relays could be interfaced to the RTUs thru RS485 in the substation and linked to the control centre over a comm link. Transducers And Relays. Alternatively for high temperatures, a proximity transducer can be used, which does not make contact with the diaphragm. Microcontroller do not have considerable amount of current to operate relay. Other patterns of start and delay are possible with flashers, one-shot timers, or repeat cycles, and each of which allows for the component to be powered at different repeating intervals. Therefore, many simple yet important things need to be checked with a Numerical Relay, like its running time (which can be manually set), current clock time, and current date. For example, a relay including function 51 would be a timed overcurrent protective relay. The LVDT linear transducer is mounted at right angles to the diaphragm with its core extension rod attached to the center of the disc. Figure 4-15 shows the pattern of the standard QC transducer, which consists of 608 hollow nickel tubes arranged on a circular diaphragm. Transducer is a “device which converts one form of energy into another form”. the use of protection systems to reduce arc flash energy in distribution systems). Different Types of Relays. There are different types of protective relays available now. Types of Relays There are different types of relays including electromagnetic relays, latching relays, electronic relays, non-latching relays, multi-dimensional relays and thermal relays which are classified based on the function, application type, configuration or structural features, etc. These devices are called bistable, as they oscillate between two statuses that are not altered on their own and an external action is needed to modify them. Other types of relays also used know as solid state relay in which DC voltage used as input. As the protected components of the electrical systems have changed in size, configuration and their critical roles in the power system supply, some protection aspects need to be revisited (i.e. These exercises provide an approximate idea about performance of the product/system to the design team at the early stage of the product development. Numerical relays help in protecting different electrical equipment like generator, transformers, transmission lines, and motors. 87) What is the value of capacitance for measurement of level of a non-conducting liquid? They can be used in places where you need analogue output quantities as input into another device. TUTORIAL 2 – SENSORS AND PRIMARY TRANSDUCERS This tutorialprovides an overview of instrument sensors used in process and automatic control. Input-output characteristics can be created with five breaking points for unipolar and bipolar output signals. Directivity patterns of transducers used in some of the older sonar equipments are shown in figures 4-15 to 4-18, inclusive. Different approaches have been used to implement these functions. Relays for Transmission & Distribution Lines Protection. Most of the relays used are electromechanical type which work on the principles of electromagnetic attraction and electromagnetic induction. for signal multiplication, iii. A protective system is formed by static relays and electromechanical auxiliary relays. DOWNLOAD DATASHEET. How relays work. When power flows through the first circuit (1), it activates the electromagnet (brown), generating a magnetic field (blue) that attracts a … Overcurrent relay. But microcontroller output pint can provide maximum current up to 1-2mA. Analysis of transducer element and array performance has been aided by development of computer‐based numerical models that include computation … The applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of each method will be discussed. Relay coil needs minimum 10mA current to energize. Examples: Electrically controlled fluid valves and relays 2. This tutorial is mainly descriptive. It can be used as pressure transducer; Measurement of humidity in gases; Commonly used for measurement of level, density, weight. Transducer. C= 2pe0 [e1 h1 + e2 h2 / loge (r2/r1) ] Where, h1= height of liquid. 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