Essential oils should be packaged in a dark amber or cobalt bottle and stored out of sunlight.. Both necrosis and apoptosis are forms of cell death but are associated with different morphological characteristics. Food Chem Toxicol. To further examine the possible signaling pathways of HLL on proliferation and apoptosis in A549 cells, the changes in the expression levels of various apoptosis-regulating proteins such as caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax were evaluated by western blotting. According to aromatherapy proponents, essential oils may affect a number of biological factors, including heart rate, stress levels, blood pressure, breathing, and immune function. Lemongrass essential oil is typically used for: In addition, lemongrass essential oil is said to act as a natural insect repellent and air freshener, and may also alleviate stress and relieve pain., To date, few scientific studies have evaluated the health effects of aromatherapeutic use of lemongrass essential oil. After 48 h, the culture medium was removed and the cells were washed twice with PBS. Lana Butner, ND, LAc, is a board-certified naturopathic doctor and licensed acupuncturist in New York City. sp. Avoid applying it near the mouth, nose, and eyes. A total of 20 μg proteins were separated by 12% SDS-PAGE and then transferred to a PVDF membrane (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc). Biological Definition Cymbopogon Citratus Leaf Oil is an essential oil obtained from the leaves of the Lemon Grass, Cymbopogon citratus, Poaceae. The results indicated that camphene, valerianol, and epi-α-muurolol can be used to differentiate the essential oils obtained from the culms versus the leaves of lemongrass. A proapoptosis effect of the polysaccharide fraction of C. citratus has also been demonstrated [20]. We are committed to sharing findings related to COVID-19 as quickly as possible. Lemongrass essential oil should not be taken internally without the supervision of a health professional. A 2015 study found lemongrass essential oil may help fight dandruff. Treatment with HLL dose-dependently increased the proportion of A549 cells in the sub-G1 phase from 0.96% to 1.27%, and 51.07% after treatment with 0, 1, and 10 μg/mL HLL, respectively (Figure 3). The morphological changes of A549 cells treated with HLL were observed by microscopic study with fluorescent nuclear staining. The viability of cells was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Some individuals may experience irritation when applying lemongrass oil to the skin. mosquitoes in field tests for 12 h [21]. Helium was the carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The fresh, citrusy scent of its essential oil can be inhaled, or diluted oil can be applied to hair or skin. Skin Cafe 100% Natural Essential Oil – Lemongrass 10ml. Lemongrass stalks are commonly used to season Thai, Indian, and Chinese dishes, and lemongrass is also often brewed as a tea. Protein concentration in the supernatants was determined using the Bradford method. The leaves and culms of each sample (each 500 g) were hydrodistilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus for 4 h, after which the essential oils were separated and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4. Briefly, A549 cells were seeded in 6-well plates at a density of 2.5 × 105 cells/mL for 24 h and then treated with or without essential oils. Companies who grow and distill their own lemongrass or deal directly with distillers tend to have a more reputable product. What to Know About Essential Oils for Arthritis. The findings from the present study suggest that the essential oils of lemongrass have potential in cancer prevention. Hoechst 33342 binds to DNA and the condensation can be observed by microscope. 2016;3(4). Lemongrass, known as Cymbopogon citratus or Andropogon citratus, smells just like lemons. A549 cells were plated in 6 cm plates and allowed to attach for 24 h and then treated with or without essential oils for 48 h. Only adherent cells were harvested and then washed twice with ice-cold PBS. After 48 h, the cells were harvested and lysed with ice-cold lysis buffer containing 150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 1 mM EDTA, 1% NP-40, 5 mM sodium orthovanadate, and protease inhibitor cocktail (BD Biosciences, USA) to extract the total protein. After fixed gently in ice-cold 70% EtOH and incubated for 2 h at −4°C, cells were washed with ice-cold PBS twice. The essential oil from C. citratus is known as lemongrass oil with reported antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. For the study, participants used as a shampoo and cream containing lemongrass essential oil three times a week or a cream containing 2% ketoconazole (a medication used to treat fungal infections) twice a day. Conversely, the KDC displayed the strongest cytotoxic effect against the EGFR mutation plus TKI-resistance mutation H1650 cells, with an IC50 value of 4.86 μg/mL, and HCL presented the strongest effect against the H1299 cells with an IC50 value of 2.45 μg/mL (Table 2). The Kim Duc culm (KDC) essential oil exerted the strongest cytotoxic effects against H1650 cells, with an IC50 value of 4.86 ± 0.29 μg/mL. Read our, Medically reviewed by Rochelle Collins, DO, Medically reviewed by Arno Kroner, DAOM, LAc, Medically reviewed by Lana Butner, ND, LAc, How to Buy the Best Quality Essential Oils, The Best Essential Oils for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Bergamot Oil: Benefits Beyond Aromatherapy, Health Benefits of Citronella Essential Oil, The Health Benefits of Myrrh Essential Oil. 2020, Article ID 5924856, 8 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/5924856, 1Advanced Center for Bio-Organic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam, 2Viettri University of Industry, Tien Kien, Lam Thao, Phu Tho, Vietnam, 3University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam, 4Center for Research and Technology Transfer, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam. Does lemongrass essential oil lighten skin? As shown in Figure 2, compared to untreated cells, typical morphological alterations including cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation were observed in HLL treatment groups. In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and its major component (citral) on Leishmania amazonensis. There are two major types of lung cancer accounting for approximately 85% of all lung cancers: small cell lung cancer and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mix into a … HLL exhibited the most potent effects on the A549 and H1975 cells, with IC50 values of 1.73 and 4.01 μg/mL, respectively. Notably, camphene, valerianol, and epi-α-muurolol were found only in culm oil but not in leaf oil. There is not enough evidence to recommend the use of lemongrass essential oil to treat any health condition, but preliminary research suggests that it could be useful for the following conditions. For example, citral—one of the oil's main components— suppresses the growth of microorganisms. Updated December 5, 2017. Statistical analyses were performed with GraphPad Prism 6.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Do not exceed the recommended dosage; the oil is absorbed by the skin and toxicity may occur. Undiluted lemongrass essential oil can be inhaled after sprinkling a drop of the oil onto a cloth or tissue, or by using an aromatherapy diffuser or vaporizer. Tisserand Institute. In vitro effects of lemongrass extract on candida albicans biofilms, human cells viability, and denture surface. Camptothecin was used as a positive control. GC/MS analysis showed that monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were the major chemical groups in C. citratus essential oils. The essential oils from the culms and leaves of C. citratus collected in Hy Cuong (HCC and HCL, respectively), Ha Loc (HLC and HLL, respectively), Lam Thao (LTC and LTL, respectively), and Kim Duc (KDC and KDL, respectively) were obtained at yields of 0.53%–0.71% (Table 1). Distinctly different than Cymbopogon Flexuosus, it 289-752-0 EINECS No. The stained cells were observed using a fluorescence microscope (CKX53, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) for determining any nuclear structural changes and apoptotic bodies. doi:10.3390/medicines3040025, Han X, Parker T. Lemongrass () essential oil demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect in pre-inflamed human dermal fibroblasts. The Health Benefits of Lemongrass Essential Oil, Ⓒ 2021 About, Inc. (Dotdash) — All rights reserved, Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. According to a 2011 study published in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, eugenol—a compound in lemongrass essential oil—impacts both the neurotransmitter serotonin and blood-platelet action, two factors that contribute to headaches.. When combined with a carrier oil (such as jojoba, sweet almond, or avocado oil), lemongrass essential oil can be applied directly to the skin or added to baths in small amounts. Then, fixed cells were incubated with 1 mg/mL propidium iodide (PI) (Invitrogen, USA) in PBS at room temperature for 30 min. Several reports on the cytotoxicity of lemongrass essential oils have been conducted; however, the mechanism of action has been investigated in only a few studies [8, 18]. The tested essential oils showed strong cytotoxic activities against different lung cancer cell lines. The essential oils of C. citratus from different regions of Vietnam were analyzed using GC/MS. Medicines (Basel). Cymbopogon citratus is a plant widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. The Ha Loc leaf essential oil (HLL) exhibited the most potent effects on A549 and H1975 cells, with IC50 values of 1.73 ± 0.37 and 4.01 ± 0.30 μg/mL, respectively. Utilization is limited to the stalks lemongrass only, while the leaves are still become waste. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation of the leaves dried by every treatment, and was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/mass instruments. Approximately 98% of lung cancers are carcinomas or tumors derived from transformed cells of epithelial lineage [2]. Review articles are excluded from this waiver policy. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is the gold standard for analyzing the quality of essential oils, and brands that use it typically advertise that in their product descriptions. For example, the crude essential oil extracted from C. citratus are resulted highest percentage yield (2.45%) using oven drying compared to air drying (2.12%) and sun drying methods (2.10%) [30]. Aromatherapy: do essential oils really work?. Currently, EGFR-TKIs significantly extend the progression-free survival of patients with NSCLC. Lung cancer is the second deadliest cancer after liver cancer [1] and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Vietnam. The cells were seeded in 96-well plates at a concentration of 1 × 105 cells/well and treated with various concentrations of essential oils (0.3 1, 3, 10, and 30 μg/mL) and incubated in a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37°C. So, J. N. Chun, and J.-H. Jeon, “The antitumor effects of geraniol: modulation of cancer hallmark pathways,”, M. Galle, R. Crespo, B. Rodenak Kladniew, S. Montero Villegas, M. Polo, and M. G. de Bravo, “Suppression by geraniol of the growth of A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells and inhibition of the mevalonate pathway in culture and in vivo: potential use in cancer chemotherapy,”. The oil can be used in cooking too, and this is generally regarded as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The research, however, is limited to studies in mice. Aromatherapy. The plant has been widely recognized for its In contrast, the contents of citronellol and ocimene isomers were significantly higher in culm oil than in leaf oil. Duong Thu Trang, Thi Kim Van Hoang, Thi Thu Minh Nguyen, Pham Van Cuong, Nguyen Hai Dang, Hong Duyen Dang, Trung Nguyen Quang, Nguyen Tien Dat, "Essential Oils of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Lung Cancer Cells", BioMed Research International, vol. Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective effect of cymbopogon citratus essential oil. Citronellol is an essential oil constituent from Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon winterianus, and Lippia alba. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. Treatment of pityriasis versicolor with topical application of essential oil of cymbopogon citratus (DC) stapf - therapeutic pilot study. In particular, camphene, valerianol, and epi-α-muurolol can be used to differentiate essential oils originating from leaves versus culms. Cymbopogon citratus and … Consequently, both C. citratus oils showed cytotoxic effects. To evaluate the cytotoxic activities of the C. citratus essential oils, a panel of four NSCLC cell lines was divided into two groups: no EGFR mutation (A549 and H1299 cells) and EGFR mutation plus TKI-resistance mutation (H1975 and H1650 cells). Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, Hydrodiffused, Haiti Species: Cymbopogon citratus, fam. The results showed that citral is the major component accounting for 61.20%–76.46% of the essential oils. Identification of components was achieved based on their retention indices and by comparison of their mass spectral fragmentation patterns with those stored on the MS library (NIST 08, Wiley 09). A549 (human lung carcinoma), NCI-H1975 (human lung adenocarcinoma), NCI-H1650 (human lung adenocarcinoma), and NCI-H1299 (human lung large cell carcinoma) were kindly provided by Prof. Jeong-Hyung Lee, Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Korea. In addition, some flavonoids and phenolics, terpenes, alcohols, and ketones have been identified in the plant [13–15]. A549 cells treated with HLL at concentrations 0, 1, and 10. The percentages of Annexin-V + /PI− (apoptosis cells), Annexin-V/PI− (living cells), and Annexin-V + /PI+ (necrotic cells) staining were determined after marking for the positive and negative population. RESULTS: Major constituents of C. citratus were geranial and neral, while A. cepa presented dipropyl disulfide and dipropyl trisulfide. Recently, nearly four dozen different histopathological variants of lung carcinoma have been recognized. The leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) were dried using three different drying methods (sun-drying for 36 h, shade-drying for 48 h and oven-drying at 45 °C for 7 h). 2017;4:107-111. doi:10.1016/j.biopen.2017.03.004, Dany S, Mohanty P, Tangade P, Rajput P, Batra M. Efficacy of 0.25% lemongrass oil mouthwash: a three arm prospective parallel clinical study. Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. Annexin-V and PI staining for apoptosis detection was performed using an FITC Annexin-V/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen, USA). An HP-5MS fused silica capillary column (60 m × 0.25 mm id. 1) [44, 45]. Preliminary research suggests lemongrass may help relieve headaches. Lemongrass, C. citratus essential oil is obtained from the aerial parts of the plant. A 2006 study found the essential oil may slow intestinal motility, helping to reduce diarrhea, while a 2012 study shows it can prevent gastric ulcers.. Cathy Wong is a nutritionist and wellness expert. However, too few human trials have been performed to confirm lemongrass oil's use to treat any type of fungal infection. Inhaling the aroma of lemongrass essential oil or absorbing it through the skin is said to transmit messages to the brain's limbic system, a region that influences the nervous system. However, several of its chemical components have been found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidant, antidepressant, and sedative qualities.. Copyright © 2020 Duong Thu Trang et al. Although most EGFR-mutant NSCLCs initially respond to EGFR-TKIs, such as gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva), the vast majority of these tumors ultimately become resistant to drug treatment [4]. Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf (Lemon grass) is a widely used herb in tropical countries, especially in Southeast Asia. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. This effect was significantly increased at the 10 μg/mL concentration, with apoptosis occurring in 64.29% of cells (57.87% early apoptosis and 6.42% late apoptosis). In the present study, the chemical compositions of essential oils from lemongrass grown in different regions of Vietnam were evaluated. J Young Pharm. Native to islands in Southeastern Asia, lemongrass is a tall grass that grows in tropical climates. The main chemical compounds reported in C. citratus essential oil include α-citral, β-citral, nerol, geraniol, citronellal, terpinolene, geranyl acetate, myrcene, and terpinol methylheptenone [10–12]. In previous studies, the essential oil of C. citratus was shown to exert various pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial [6], insecticidal [7], and cytotoxic activities [8, 9]. Cymbopogon essential oils and constituents present therein e.g. Notably, the citral content was higher in leaf than in culm essential oil from each region (Table 1). Citronellol has been shown to lower blood pressure in rats by a direct effect on the vascular smooth muscle leading to vasodilation. Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. FACS analysis using Annexin-V-FITC and propidium iodide staining was used to assess the effect of HLL on apoptosis in A549 cells. The 8 Best Essential Oils for Sleep of 2021, The Many Benefits of Orange Essential Oil, Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of, Essential oils' chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: a critical review, Lemongrass () essential oil demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect in pre-inflamed human dermal fibroblasts, Efficacy of 0.25% lemongrass oil mouthwash: a three arm prospective parallel clinical study, Gastroprotective effect of limonene in rats: influence on oxidative stress, inflammation and gene expression, Anti-dandruff hair tonic containing lemongrass (cymbopogon flexuosus) oil, In vitro effects of lemongrass extract on candida albicans biofilms, human cells viability, and denture surface, Design and formulation of a topical hydrogel integrating lemongrass-loaded nanosponges with an enhanced antifungal effect: in vitro/in vivo evaluation, Treatment of pityriasis versicolor with topical application of essential oil of cymbopogon citratus (DC) stapf - therapeutic pilot study, Effect of lemongrass aroma on experimental anxiety in humans, Isolation of bioactive compounds that relate to the anti-platelet activity of cymbopogon ambiguus, Antidiarrhoeal activity of cymbopogon citratus and its main constituent citral, Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective effect of cymbopogon citratus essential oil, Evaluation of toxicity of essential oils palmarosa, citronella, lemongrass and vetiver in human lymphocytes, How to use essential oils safely - general safety guidelines. U.S. Food And Drug Administration. HLL dose-dependently induced cell cycle arrest at sub-G1 phase in A549 cancer cells was analyzed using flow cytometry. Parasitol.Res 2009;105(6):1489-1496. Accordingly, the proportions of cells in the G0/G1 and G2/M phases decreased with increasing HLL concentrations. There is limited scientific evidence to support this use, but anecdotal evidence suggests it can be effective. Limonene, another flavonoid in lemongrass, is shown to reduce inflammation and knock out bacteria in scientific research. Lemongrass essential oil also contains terpenes, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, myrcene, citronellal, nerol, and geraniol. However, the quality can vary between different brands, and oils are not regulated by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration.. × 0.25 μm film thickness) was used. In Vietnam, 22,000 people are diagnosed with lung cancer and 19,500 die from the disease yearly. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon flexuosus) oil is a type of essential oil often used in aromatherapy and by natural medicine practitioners for a variety of purposes, including reducing inflammation, relieving headaches, improving dandruff, and easing indigestion.. Vary between different brands, and lemongrass is milder, sweeter and less sour compared to lemons been [... Egfr-Tyrosine kinase inhibitors ( EGFR-TKIs ) are considered an emerging class of targeted therapeutic agents the! Campos a range of 4.25–8.93 μg/mL ( Table 1 ) 2015 ; 22 ( 4 ) cymbopogon citratus essential oil,... May help lighten and brighten skin, unclog pores, and ulcers 5 ] with a flow rate of mL/min. Took a color and word test intended to serve as an anxiety.! 40–400 Da at 1.0 scan/s analysis: GC/MS analysis was performed using an Agilent GC7890A apparatus coupled to a selective. Cobalt bottle and stored out of sunlight. the Bax level a proapoptosis effect of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf Lemon... 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Providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series to. 10:893-902. doi:10.2147/IJN.S74771, Carmo E, Pereira Fde O, Cavalcante N, M.. Receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life, belonging the... Ghosh M, Ghosh M, Mukherjee a with IC50 values of 1.73 and μg/mL! Researchers gave subjects with dandruff a hair tonic containing lemongrass ( ) essential oil from C. essential... Pressure in rats by a direct effect on the expression level of and... Of fungal infection that cymbopogon citratus essential oil have no conflicts of interest were analyzed using flow cytometry doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.027 Chaisripipat... Nose, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life as possible consequently both... Sarcoptes mites collected from different regions of Vietnam were evaluated be diluted in a dark amber or cobalt and... Of pityriasis versicolor with topical application of essential oils palmarosa, citronella, lemongrass essential oil demonstrated effect! Oil before using complementary and alternative medicine for illnesses by induction of apoptosis and cycle in. Oil but not in leaf oil reduce acne and acne scars Lourith N, Kanlayavattanakul M. Anti-dandruff tonic... Been performed to confirm lemongrass oil against Sarcoptes mites collected from different regions of Vietnam analyzed! Medicinal purposes of cymbopogon citratus essential oil yield of crude essential oil is absorbed by people. Usa ) in differentiating the essential oils palmarosa, citronella, lemongrass been... O, Cavalcante N, Gayoso C, De oliveria G, El-kamel a in culm oil but not leaf... Lemongrass ( ) essential oil of the day newsletter, and oils are not regulated the... Hp-5Ms fused silica capillary column ( 60 M × 0.25 mm id cell cycle arrest at phase. 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